Table of Contents
Cover
Statement
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
About the Authors
Contents
Ch 1: Geotechnical Engineering—A Historical Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geotechnical Engineering Prior to the 18th Century
1.3 Preclassical Period of Soil Mechanics (1700–1776)
1.4 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase I (1776–1856)
1.5 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase II (1856–1910)
1.6 Modern Soil Mechanics (1910–1927)
1.7 Geotechnical Engineering after 1927
1.8 End of an Era
References
Ch 2: Origin of Soil and Grain Size
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rock Cycle and the Origin of Soil
2.3 Rock-Forming Minerals, Rock and Rock Structures
2.4 Soil-Particle Size
2.5 Clay Minerals
2.6 Specific Gravity (Gs)
2.7 Mechanical Analysis of Soil
2.8 Particle-Size Distribution Curve
2.9 Particle Shape
2.10 Summary
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 3: Weight–Volume Relationships
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Weight–Volume Relationships
3.3 Relationships among Unit Weight, Void Ratio, Moisture Content, and Specific Gravity
3.4 Relationships among Unit Weight, Porosity, and Moisture Content
3.5 Various Unit Weight Relationships
3.6 Relative Density
3.7 Comments on emax and emin
3.8 Correlations between emax, emin, emax – emin, and Median Grain Size (D50)
3.9 Summary
Problems
Critical Thinking Problems
References
Ch 4: Plasticity and Structure of Soil
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Liquid Limit (LL)
4.3 Plastic Limit (PL)
4.4 Shrinkage Limit (SL)
4.5 Liquidity Index and Consistency Index
4.6 Activity
4.7 Plasticity Chart
4.8 Soil Structure
4.9 Summary
Problems
Critical Thinking Problems
References
Ch 5: Classification of Soil
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Textural Classification
5.3 Classification by Engineering Behavior
5.4 AASHTO Classification System
5.5 Unified Soil Classification System
5.6 Comparison between the AASHTO and Unified Systems
5.7 Summary
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 6: Soil Compaction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Compaction—General Principles
6.3 Standard Proctor Test
6.4 Factors Affecting Compaction
6.5 Modified Proctor Test
6.6 Empirical Relationships
6.7 Structure of Compacted Clay Soil
6.8 Effect of Compaction on Cohesive Soil Properties
6.9 Field Compaction
6.10 Specifications for Field Compaction
6.11 Determination of Field Unit Weight of Compaction
6.12 Compaction of Organic Soil and Waste Materials
6.13 Evaluation of Soils as Compaction Material
6.14 Special Compaction Techniques
6.15 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 7: Permeability
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
7.3 Darcy’s Law
7.4 Hydraulic Conductivity
7.5 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity
7.6 Relationships for Hydraulic Conductivity—Granular Soil
7.7 Relationships for Hydraulic Conductivity—Cohesive Soils
7.8 Directional Variation of Permeability
7.9 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Soil
7.10 Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells
7.11 In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay Soils
7.12 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 8: Seepage
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Laplace’s Equation of Continuity
8.3 Continuity Equation for Solution of Simple Flow Problems
8.4 Flow Nets
8.5 Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net
8.6 Flow Nets in Anisotropic Soil
8.7 Mathematical Solution for Seepage
8.8 Uplift Pressure under Hydraulic Structures
8.9 Seepage through an Earth Dam on an Impervious Base
8.10 L. Casagrande’s Solution for Seepage through an Earth Dam
8.11 Filter Design
8.12 Summary
Problems
References
Ch 9: In Situ Stresses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
9.3 Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
9.4 Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage
9.5 Seepage Force
9.6 Heaving in Soil Due to Flow around Sheet Piles
9.7 Use of Filters to Increase the Factor of Safety against Heave
9.8 Effective Stress in Partially Saturated Soil
9.9 Capillary Rise in Soils
9.10 Effective Stress in the Zone of Capillary Rise
9.11 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane
10.3 The Pole Method of Finding Stresses along a Plane
10.4 Stresses Caused by a Point Load
10.5 Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Line Load
10.6 Vertical Stress Caused by a Horizontal Line Load
10.7 Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length)
10.8 Linearly Increasing Vertical Loading on an Infinite Strip
10.9 Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading
10.10 Vertical Stress below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
10.11 Vertical Stress at Any Point below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
10.12 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area
10.13 Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure
10.14 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 11: Compressibility of Soil
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile
11.3 Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
11.4 Fundamentals of Consolidation
11.5 One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test
11.6 Void Ratio–Pressure Plots
11.7 Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
11.8 General Comments on Conventional Consolidation Test
11.9 Effect of Disturbance on Void Ratio–Pressure Relationship
11.10 Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation
11.11 Correlations for Compression Index (Cc)
11.12 Correlations for Swell Index (Cs)
11.13 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
11.14 Time Rate of Consolidation
11.15 Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation
11.16 Calculation of Consolidation Settlement under a Foundation
11.17 A Case History—Settlement Due to a Preload Fill for Construction of Tampa VA Hospital
11.18 Methods for Accelerating Consolidation Settlement
11.19 Precompression
11.20 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 12: Shear Strength of Soil
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion
12.3 Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear
12.4 Laboratory Test for Determination of Shear Strength Parameters
12.5 Direct Shear Test
12.6 Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand and Clay
12.7 General Comments on Direct Shear Test
12.8 Triaxial Shear Test-General
12.9 Consolidated-Drained Triaxial Test
12.10 Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test
12.11 Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test
12.12 Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay
12.13 Empirical Relationships between Undrained Cohesion (Cu) and Effective Overburden Pressure (σ́ o)
12.14 Sensitivity and Thixotropy of Clay
12.15 Strength Anisotropy in Clay
12.16 Vane Shear Test
12.17 Other Methods for Determining Undrained Shear Strength
12.18 Shear Strength of Unsaturated Cohesive Soils
12.19 Stress Path
12.20 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 13: Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest, Rankine, and Coulomb
13.1 Introduction
13.2 At-Rest, Active, and Passive Pressures
13.3 Earth Pressure At-Rest
13.4 Earth Pressure At-Rest for Partially Submerged Soil
13.5 Rankine’s Theory of Active Pressure
13.6 Theory of Rankine’s Passive Pressure
13.7 Yielding of Wall of Limited Height
13.8 Rankine Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill
13.9 Diagrams for Lateral Earth-Pressure Distribution against Retaining Walls
13.10 Coulomb’s Active Pressure
13.11 Graphic Solution for Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressure
13.12 Coulomb’s Passive Pressure
13.13 Active Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces
13.14 Common Types of Retaining Walls in the Field
13.15 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 14: Lateral Earth Pressure: Curved Failure Surface
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Retaining Walls with Friction
14.3 Properties of a Logarithmic Spiral
14.4 Procedure for Determination of Passive Earth Pressure (Pp)—Cohesionless Backfill
14.5 Coefficient of Passive Earth Pressure (Kp)
14.6 Caquot and Kerisel Solution for Passive Earth Pressure (Granular Backfill)
14.7 Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces
14.8 Braced Cuts—General
14.9 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems of Open Cuts—Granular Soil
14.10 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems for Cuts—Cohesive Soil
14.11 Pressure Variation for Design of Sheetings, Struts, and Wales
14.12 Summary
Problems
References
Ch 15: Slope Stability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Factor of Safety
15.3 Stability of Infinite Slopes
15.4 Infinite Slope with Steady-state Seepage
15.5 Finite Slopes—General
15.6 Analysis of Finite Slopes with Plane Failure Surfaces (Culmann’s Method)
15.7 Analysis of Finite Slopes with Circular Failure Surfaces—General
15.8 Mass Procedure—Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with Ø = 0
15.9 Recent Developments on Critical Circle of Clay Slopes (Ø = 0)
15.10 Mass Procedure—Slopes in Homogeneous Ć ― Ǿ́́́' Soil
15.11 Ordinary Method of Slices
15.12 Bishop’s Simplified Method of Slices
15.13 Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady-state Seepage
15.14 Solutions for Steady-state Seepage
15.15 A Case History of Slope Failure
15.16 Morgenstern’s Method of Slices for Rapid Drawdown Condition
15.17 Fluctuation of Factor of Safety of Slopes in Clay Embankment on Saturated Clay
15.18 Summary
Problems
References
Ch 16: Soil Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ultimate Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations
16.3 Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation
16.4 Effect of Groundwater Table
16.5 Factor of Safety
16.6 General Bearing Capacity Equation
16.7 A Case History for Evaluation of the Ultimate Bearing Capacity
16.8 Ultimate Load for Shallow Foundations Under Eccentric Load
16.9 Bearing Capacity of Sand Based on Settlement
16.10 Plate-Load Test
16.11 Summary and General Comments
Problems
Critical Thinking Problem
References
Ch 17: Subsoil Exploration
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Planning for Soil Exploration
17.3 Boring Methods
17.4 Common Sampling Methods
17.5 Sample Disturbance
17.6 Correlations for Standard Penetration Test
17.7 Other In Situ Tests
17.8 Rock Coring
17.9 Soil Exploration Report
17.10 Summary
Problems
References
Appendix - A
Answers to Selected Problems
Index
