Table of Contents
BOOK COVER
HALF-TITLE
TITLE
COPYRIGHT
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
FIGURE AND TABLES
CONTRIBUTORS
1 WOMEN AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
NOTES
Part I EASTERN EUROPE
2 BEYOND SOCIALISM
INTRODUCTION
WOMEN UNDER COMMUNISM
Employment
Training and education
Social policies
Household responsibilities
Wage differentials
WOMEN UNDER CAPITALISM
CONCLUSION: SPECULATIONS ON THE FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR WOMEN
NOTE
3 THE STATUS OF WOMEN AND POLAND’S TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
GENDER BIAS IN POLAND IN THE 1980s
Causes of income inequality between men and women in Poland
Educational differences
Job market segregation—horizontal and vertical
WELFARE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC REFORMS ON WOMEN IN THE 1990s
Methodology and data
Results
Effects of reform on women’s access to political power
CONCLUSION
NOTES
4 THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN IN ROMANIA
INTRODUCTION
ROMANIA BEFORE COMMUNISM
ROMANIA UNDER COMMUNISM (1945–89)
A SOCIETY IN TRANSITION (1989-PRESENT)
NOTE
5 THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORMS ON SOVIET/RUSSIAN WOMEN
INTRODUCTION
WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
THE GORBACHEV ERA
Women in the workforce
Women and politics
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACING RUSSIAN WOMEN IN THE 1990s
CONCLUSION
NOTES
Part II LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
6 THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC REFORMS ON WOMEN’S HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
INTRODUCTION
REFORMS IN SOCIAL PUBLIC SERVICES: AN OVERVIEW
PRIVATIZATION
Cost recovery through user charges
Insurance schemes
Private drug sales, practitioners and facilities
Pharmaceutical supplies
Professional services
Decentralization
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS/ MISSION FACILITIES13
THE NEW WORLD BANK MODEL
CONCLUSION
NOTES
7 STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, THE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE AND GENDER RELATIONS IN ZAMBIA
INTRODUCTION
ZAMBIA—AN OVERVIEW
ZAMBIA’S ON-AND-OFF RELATIONSHIP WITH THE IMF/WORLD BANK
SAPS, GENDER AND CLASS IN ZAMBIA’S RURAL AREAS
SAPS, GENDER AND CLASS IN LUSAKA
URBAN-RURAL INTERCONNECTIONS
CONCLUSION
NOTES
8 CHINESE WOMEN AND THE POST-MAO ECONOMIC REFORMS
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC REFORMS IN POST-MAO CHINA
International trade and Special Economic Zones
Rural reforms and the household responsibility system
Urban reforms and the emphasis on efficiency
THE POST-MAO REFORMS AND WOMEN
Women’s employment opportunities in Special Economic Zones
Employment impact on rural women
Employment impact on urban women
Intrahousehold decision-making
Women in the Special Economic Zones
Rural women
Urban women
Human development issues
CONCLUSION
NOTES
9 ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING IN SINGAPORE AND THE CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN, 1957 TO PRESENT
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE SINGAPORE ECONOMY, 1957-PRESENT
DISPARATE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING ON WOMEN AND MEN
CONCLUSION
NOTES
10 GOVERNMENT REFORMS, ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING, AND THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN: SOUTH KOREA, 1980–92
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC REFORMS AND RESTRUCTURING
South Korea’s economic performance
EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS FOR WOMEN AND MEN
Workforce participation
Employment patterns across industries
Employment by work status
Unpaid family work
Self-employment
Paid employment
Summary of employment patterns
CONCLUSION
NOTES
11 NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMIC REFORMS AND WOMEN IN CHILE
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC REFORMS UNDER PINOCHET (1973–90)
IMPACT OF REFORMS ON WOMEN
Poverty and social policies
Wages and employment
Social insurance programmes
Health
Politics
CONCLUSION
NOTES
12 THE 1982 REFORMS AND THE EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS OF MEXICAN WOMEN
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1982
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS OF WOMEN SINCE THE 1982 DEBT CRISIS
The rural sector
The urban sector
The maquila industry
CONCLUSION
NOTES
13 STATE POLICY AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF WOMEN’S INDUSTRIES IN NICARAGUA
INTRODUCTION
WOMEN AND THE STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRY IN NICARAGUA
Methodology
Background
THE RESTRUCTURING RATIONALE
RESTRUCTURING OF THE GARMENT-TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION
IMPACT OF PRIVATIZATION ON WORKING WOMEN
LABOUR UNIONS’ GENDER BIAS IN RESTRUCTURING
CONCLUSION
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
